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Emerging technologies for electric cars
Today manufacturers use different technologies that differ in the way they generate the magnetic field in the rotor from that generated in the stator. The most common are synchronous alternating current motors that can be permanent neodymium magnets or external excitation (electromagnet), but they can also be asynchronous motors , also known as squirrel cage motors. bolts
Axial flow
electric motors
Among the technologies that are taking center stage are the
motors known as axial flux (AFT) in which the inductor winding creates a
magnetic field parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotor. Unlike radial
flow motors, which are commonly used on the market, the AFT motor provides a
more compact design , resulting in a lower overall weight. They also offer
higher power and torque density and a form factor ideal for integration in
different scenarios.
Although it can still be considered a very marginally used
technology, and its market today is very small, it has evolved to arouse
significant interest in the industry . Thus, for example, within
Mercedes-Benz's plan to become a fully
electric brand in 2030 “when market
conditions allow it” , Daimler's acquisition of the British flow electric motor
company plays a very important role.
axial YASA. For its part, Renault has partnered with WHYLOT to use these
engines in its hybrids starting in 2025.
IDTechEx expects a
large increase in demand for engines equipped with this technology over the
next 10 years, especially for applications in high-performance vehicles and
certain hybrid applications.
Electric
motors on wheels
The consultancy also predicts the use of in-wheel motors in
some promising applications . This type of engine eliminates a large part of
the powertrain components, which would normally occupy space inside the
vehicle's cabin, allowing its design to be practically free. They also offer
other benefits such as greater torque on the wheels and greater vectoring
possibilities . A technology that can have an important route in off-road
vehicles that need to distribute the traction between the wheels depending on
the difficulty of the terrain they cross.
Among the companies
that use this technology, Rivian is one of those that is attracting the most
attention. Its two electric SUVs, the R1T and R1S, have four electric motors
inside each wheel, each with its own single-speed gearbox. Other emerging
manufacturers that have also opted for this technology are Lordstown , which announced the use of Elaphe
in-wheel motors for its electric pick-ups, and Protean, which supplies in-wheel
motors to different autonomous shuttles. For its part, the Israeli REE offers a
platform with four corner units that integrate all the components of the
transmission, powertrain, suspension and steering in the unit itself.
Switched reluctance motors
Switched reluctance motors are not a new technology, but
they are making a comeback in certain segments with improvements in their
design and electronic control. Advanced Electric Machines (AEM) has developed
two switched reluctance machines that are much simpler to manufacture than
other electric motors that do without rare earths and are also implementing
aluminum windings to avoid the use of copper.
Unlike standard electric motors, AEM has created two
electric motors that are totally free from rare earth magnets such as neodymium
or dysprosium. To completely eliminate them, AEM uses switched reluctance (SRM)
technology in which the rotor is made of
electromagnetic material but is not a permanent magnet. the reluctance is the resistance of a material to
the passage of a magnetic flux when it is influenced by a magnetic field.
Unlike common motors that require external excitation to create the magnetic
fields, the energy is sent to the stator windings instead of the rotor. This greatly
simplifies the mechanical design since the energy does not have to be
distributed to a moving part, but it confounds the electrical design since it
is necessary to use some type of switching system to deliver energy to the
different windings.
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